## History

### Timeline
- 1988-1993: World Wide Web at CERN
- 1994: Netscape 
- Since 1994: First Browser War
- 1994: Emergence of the W3C
- 2004: WHATWG
- 2004/05: Web 2.0
- 2007: iPhone (mobile revolution)
- 2007-18: Current developments and trends

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### 1988-1993: World Wide Web at CERN
- 1980: Tim Berners-Lee developed application called *Enquire* at CERN
	- Text file can be divided in of *nodes*
	- Each node could be any type of info (address, note, idea,...)
	- Nodes link to each other bidirectionally 
- 1988: Berners-Lee tried to build a distributed system similar to Enquire
- 1989: Berners-Lee submits project proposal to CERN
- 1990: Name of project: *World Wide Web*
- 1990: Berners-Lee finalized core ideas:
	1. HTTP (specify communication between client and server)
	2. URI (specify addressing of arbitrary files/resources)
	3. HTML (specify the markup language of web documents)
- 1991: [First Web page](http://info.cern.ch)
- 1991: Project presented at a hypertext-conference
- 1993: WWW is published at CERN

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### 1994: Netscape
- 1993: Browser *Mosaic* developed by Bina and Andreessen at the NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications)
- 1994: Andreessen left the NCSA and created *Netscape*
- 1995-1996: Due to Netscape, web sites become more colorful, get tables and frames
- Private persons and companies go into the WWW
- Fast development of Mosaic and Netscape

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### Since 1994: The First Browser War
- 1995/96: Netscape has market share of 90 %
- 1995:
 - Microsoft publishes IE (MS has ignored the Web market)
 - Microsoft couples Windows and IE (fast growth)
- 1997: IE 4.0 equal to Netscape
- 1998: Netscape loses market share
 - Slow development
 - Missing compatibility with Stylesheets and Java
- 2005: Netscape is quit

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### 1994: Emergence of the W3C
- Problem: Rapid and unstructured growth made application development hard
- 1994: First initiatives for developing Web standards
- 1995: Emergence of W3-consortium (W3C)
	- Companies and institutions pay membership fees (3-year-contract)
	- They can develop W3C standards
	- Working groups for HTML, XML, CSS, ...
	- *Recommendations* are publicly available

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### 2004: Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
- 2003: Apple publishes Safari
	- Based on the KHTML-Engine
	- Goal: Establish W3C standards
- 2004: Mozilla Foundations publishes Firefox
- 2004: Opera, Apple and Mozilla create the WHATWG
	- Motivation: W3C is quite slow and has a big focus on XML
	- Goal: Faster developments of Web standards (e.g., HTML5)

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### 2004/05: Web 2.0
- 2004/05: Term *Web 2.0* is coined
	- Should describe an *interactive WWW*
	- Location transparency
		- Distinction local vs. remote storage is relaxed
	- Browser as new OS (applications use the browser)
	- *Mashups*: Web content of different services is re-combined (cf. remix in music)
	- Users without technical knowledge can use the Web (e.g., blogs)
	- **But:** Term is overloaded - basically it is a further development of the WWW

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### 2007: iPhone
- 2007: Apple presented the iPhone
	- Mobile revolution (touch-only, big screen)
	- Safari could display normal websites

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### Current Developments and Trends
- Currently, Chrome is the market leader
- Desktop applications go into the browser
	- Website *instead* of native applications
	- Supporting multiple platforms
	- *Electron*: Website as native application
	- *WebAssembly*: Execute arbitrary code in browser
- Reactive apps:
	- Requires low latency for asynchronous execution
	- Data should be close to the user (e.g., Edge cloud)
- Content is moved towards the user
	- e.g., video conferences using WebRTC

![](images/01-market-share.png).

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### References
- History: [Entstehung des Internet](https://wiki.selfhtml.org/wiki/Grundlagen/Einstieg/Entstehung_des_Internet)
- HTTP/2: [https://hpbn.co/http2/](https://hpbn.co/http2/)